The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) operates in a connectionless fashion; that is, it provides the same
unreliable, datagram delivery service as IP. Unlike TCP, UDP does not send SYN/ACK bits to assure delivery and reliability of transmissions. Moreover, UDP does not include flow control or error recovery functionality. Consequently, UDP messages can be lost, duplicated, or [...]
TCP organizes and counts bytes in the data stream using a 32-bit sequence number. Every TCP packet contains a starting sequence number (first byte) and an acknowledgment number (last byte). A concept known as a sliding window is implemented to make stream transmissions more efficient. The sliding window uses bandwidth more effectively, because it will [...]
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Now that we have unearthed IP addresses and their 32-bit addresses, packet/datagram flow and subnetting, we need to discover how a host station or infrastructure equipment, such as a router, match an IP address to a physical hardware address. This section explains the mapping process that makes communication possible. Every interface, or network interface card [...]
Continue reading about ARP/RARP Engineering: Introduction to Physical Hardware Address Mapping
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It is important to know that ARP is not an Internet protocol; moreover, ARP does not leave the local logical network, and therefore does not need to be routed. Rather, ARP must be broadcasted, whereby it communicates with every host interface on the network, traveling from machine to machine encapsulated in Ethernet packets (in the [...]
Continue reading about ARP Encapsulation and Header Formatting
The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), to some degree, is the opposite of ARP. Basically, RARP allows a station to broadcast its hardware address, expecting a server daemon to respond with an available IP address for the station to use. Diskless machines use RARP to obtain IP addresses from RARP servers.
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